塔式起重機是現(xian)(xian)代(dai)建(jian)筑施上不可或缺的起重機(ji)械。從各級行(xing)政辦理部門到行(xing)業協會、辦理單(dan)位(wei)和用戶單(dan)位(wei)，對(dui)塔機(ji)的辦理和運用都在(zai)逐步標準，但現(xian)(xian)階(jie)段仍存(cun)在(zai)一(yi)些影響塔機(ji)安(an)全運用的問(wen)題(ti)，有(you)待(dai)給予足夠的重視。接下來(lai)塔機(ji)租賃就來(lai)跟大家(jia)講講在(zai)塔機(ji)安(an)全運用中，一(yi)般容易忽略的幾個問(wen)題(ti)！

1、塔(ta)的(de)邊(bian)坡穩(wen)定性(xing)核算(suan)

塔機(ji)需安(an)置存建筑基(ji)槽邊(bian)(bian)且沒靠(kao)護坡(po)(po)辦法時有必要進行邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)穩(wen)定(ding)性核算(suan)，小管安(an)置在基(ji)槽上(shang)邊(bian)(bian)還是(shi)安(an)置存基(ji)槽底邊(bian)(bian)。塔機(ji)設備后，施(shi)工期2月左(zuo)右(you)，在此期間假如由于振蕩、雨水等原因使邊(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)呈現(xian)問題(ti)必將影響(xiang)塔機(ji)運用安(an)全(quan)。

2、標(biao)準節(jie)應穿插(cha)運用

塔(ta)式(shi)起(qi)重機(ji)的那一(yi)節(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)(根底(di)節(jie)或(huo)(huo)加強節(jie)在(zai)外)受(shou)力假如(ru)長期讓同一(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)裝(zhuang)在(zai)塔(ta)式(shi)起(qi)重機(ji)內部，必(bi)定形(xing)成該標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)過度(du)受(shou)力發生疲憊(bei)損害或(huo)(huo)損壞。正確做法應該是：每拆裝(zhuang)一(yi)次，把其他標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)穿(chuan)插輪番運用(yong)在(zai)下(xia)部，避免同一(yi)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)一(yi)直處(chu)(chu)(chu)塔(ta)式(shi)起(qi)重機(ji)內部。有相關(guan)部分單位沒有注意到這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)點(dian)，拆開時塔(ta)機(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)于拆裝(zhuang)角度(du)，此時套架里一(yi)般有3節(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不取(qu)出來(lai)，設(she)備也照樣如(ru)此，這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)來(lai)就呈現上述3節(jie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)節(jie)一(yi)直處(chu)(chu)(chu)在(zai)塔(ta)機(ji)下(xia)部，而(er)且順序都不會(hui)改(gai)動，久(jiu)而(er)久(jiu)之必(bi)定導致事端。

3、標(biao)準節連接螺栓(shuan)及時替換

實力(li)(li)(li)雄厚、正(zheng)規的產(chan)權單(dan)位對此比(bi)較重視，而(er)一些依(yi)托掛(gua)靠謀生的個體單(dan)位呈現(xian)的不標(biao)準運(yun)用(yong)(yong)比(bi)如相對較多。假如螺(luo)栓銹蝕嚴峻，螺(luo)桿外(wai)表(biao)呈現(xian)銹蝕、凹坑(keng)，沒有進行替換并(bing)仍在運(yun)用(yong)(yong)，嚴峻違反(fan)強度(du)高連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接螺(luo)栓運(yun)用(yong)(yong)要求，塔機安全系數將大打折(zhe)扣。通常狀況下，標(biao)準節連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接螺(luo)栓都配有平墊圈，然(ran)后增大連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接套(tao)(tao)(tao)受力(li)(li)(li)面積和(he)保護連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接套(tao)(tao)(tao)外(wai)表(biao)免受沖突(tu)損害。此平墊圈硬度(du)很高，個別拆裝人員在作業時把平墊圈任意拿掉(diao)，導致連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接套(tao)(tao)(tao)外(wai)表(biao)劃傷(shang)，影(ying)響項緊力(li)(li)(li)，增大連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接套(tao)(tao)(tao)局部壓力(li)(li)(li)而(er)改動(dong)連(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)接套(tao)(tao)(tao)受力(li)(li)(li)均勻。

4、對(dui)零部件(jian)首要節點、焊(han)點做(zuo)要點查看

塔(ta)機(ji)結構的(de)節點(dian)(dian)、焊點(dian)(dian)較多，全部(bu)查(cha)(cha)(cha)看(kan)(kan)(kan)到位的(de)確有(you)難(nan)度且沒(mei)有(you)必要，應(ying)要點(dian)(dian)做(zuo)好塔(ta)帽連(lian)接點(dian)(dian)、平衡臂連(lian)接點(dian)(dian)的(de)查(cha)(cha)(cha)看(kan)(kan)(kan)。臂部(bu)件首要節點(dian)(dian)、焊點(dian)(dian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)看(kan)(kan)(kan)應(ying)要點(dian)(dian)放存塔(ta)機(ji)拆裝期間或維修期間，此時應(ying)仔細地查(cha)(cha)(cha)看(kan)(kan)(kan)，對發現的(de)問題能(neng)做(zuo)較為徹  底地處理(li);在(zai)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)期間做(zuo)要點(dian)(dian)抽盤與監測，盡可能(neng)避免在(zai)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)期間處理(li)毛病(bing)導致影響用(yong)(yong)戶運(yun)用(yong)(yong)乃至(zhi)呈現經濟膠(jiao)葛(ge)。

5、地線正確焊接

塔(ta)機地線(xian)焊接(jie)一般由運用(yong)單位(wei)組織焊接(jie)工(gong)人擔(dan)任，而設備產(chan)權(quan)單位(wei)和運用(yong)單位(wei)均沒有對焊接(jie)工(gong)人進(jin)行有針對性的安全技能交(jiao)底(di)，致(zhi)使塔(ta)機地線(xian)焊接(jie)隨意，個別狀況乃至把地線(xian)焊接(jie)到塔(ta)機首要受力部(bu)位(wei)，壓(ya)重根底(di)焊接(jie)到十字梁中心部(bu)位(wei)，這些狀況都為安全運用(yong)埋下(xia)危險。

6、施工工地埋地電纜(lan)存在(zai)問題

部分施工(gong)場(chang)地現場(chang)的(de)一(yi)(yi)級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)與一(yi)(yi)級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)筘(kou)之(zhi)間、一(yi)(yi)絨配電(dian)(dian)(dian)檣與三級(ji)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)箱(xiang)之(zhi)間的(de)埋(mai)地電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜不(bu)(bu)運用鎧裝電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜，而把一(yi)(yi)般微電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜直(zhi)埋(mai)，并日在埠地前(qian)不(bu)(bu)做模擬濕(shi)潤狀態(tai)絕緣(yuan)查看。此(ci)種狀況(kuang)(kuang)在秋季(ji)和冬季(ji)較(jiao)為干燥(zao)氣候(hou)狀況(kuang)(kuang)下塔(ta)機可(ke)以照舊運用，但在春季(ji)和復季(ji)濕(shi)潤狀況(kuang)(kuang)有可(ke)能(neng)導致(zhi)塔(ta)機無法正常動(dong)作，行進而形成罷工(gong)或其他膠(jiao)葛。

7、塔(ta)機電(dian)線(xian)電(dian)纜應及時替換

塔機(ji)電線電纜(lan)幾(ji)乎均(jun)存室外(wai)露天作(zuo)(zuo)業，風吹(chui)日(ri)曬老化較快，經(jing)常(chang)拆(chai)開部(bu)位(wei)(wei)和彎(wan)曲部(bu)位(wei)(wei)為明(ming)顯，老化開裂嚴峻時(shi)假如不予替換仍將就運用(yong)，每(mei)遇(yu)剛雨(yu)天就會發作(zuo)(zuo)漏電、觸電、掉閘等毛病(bing)。更(geng)有甚者，在呈現力矩限制器或其他安(an)全(quan)設(she)備(bei)線路(lu)導致的(de)(de)上(shang)述(shu)毛病(bing)時(shi)，運用(yong)單位(wei)(wei)不允(yun)許(xu)停機(ji)，此外(wai)，維修電工自行或在產權單位(wei)(wei)相關人員指(zhi)揮下，直(zhi)接(jie)把安(an)全(quan)設(she)備(bei)線路(lu)拆(chai)掉(待非陰雨(yu)地利(li)再恢(hui)復)，人為形成安(an)全(quan)設(she)備(bei)失效。產權單位(wei)(wei)貌似節省替換電線電纜(lan)的(de)(de)本錢，實則換取了較大的(de)(de)危險。因此，塔機(ji)電線電纜(lan)老化影響安(an)全(quan)運用(yong)時(shi)，有必要及(ji)時(shi)替換，不得迷糊。

8、吊鉤或吊物帶電

吊(diao)鉤或吊(diao)物帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，此種狀況(kuang)在施工現(xian)場(chang)偶有(you)發(fa)作，這種現(xian)象(xiang)一般是(shi)塔(ta)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統(tong)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)所致，由于(yu)一旦塔(ta)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統(tong)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，與(yu)之相關的漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器會動(dong)作。形(xing)成摘鈞(jun)人員(yuan)觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)首要(yao)有(you)兩種原因：一是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)焊作業(ye)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)焊機(ji)地(di)線(xian)(裸(luo)露部分)不經意(yi)問與(yu)塔(ta)機(ji)結線(xian)搭(da)在起，使(shi)塔(ta)機(ji)帶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian);一是(shi)塔(ta)機(ji)地(di)線(xian)未做或做得不符(fu)合(he)要(yao)求，塔(ta)機(ji)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜下(xia)端的保(bao)護零線(xian)未接，這樣在塔(ta)機(ji)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時保(bao)護零線(xian)會斷，發(fa)生(sheng)感應(ying)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

9、外委塔(ta)司、電工包(bao)塔(ta)現象(xiang)

小規(gui)模(mo)塔機(ji)產(chan)權單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)或個體掛靠單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)過度考慮(lv)本錢，再(zai)加上(shang)塔機(ji)司(si)機(ji)和(he)電(dian)工(gong)較(jiao)為緊缺，呈現(xian)外(wai)(wai)委(wei)塔司(si)、電(dian)工(gong)包塔現(xian)象(xiang)，對塔機(ji)安(an)全運用發(fa)生較(jiao)大危險。上(shang)述塔司(si)與電(dian)工(gong)一般流(liu)動(dong)性較(jiao)大，不(bu)方便辦(ban)理(li);作業(ye)水(shui)平(ping)良莠不(bu)齊，責任(ren)心相對較(jiao)差，有(you)時身兼數塔或一人接連作業(ye)，極易發(fa)作操勞作業(ye)現(xian)象(xiang)。塔機(ji)的(de)安(an)全運用和(he)安(an)全辦(ban)理(li)是(shi)動(dong)態的(de)，長(chang)期的(de)，不(bu)能(neng)急功近利，產(chan)權單(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)應自己培養塔司(si)和(he)電(dian)工(gong)，根絕外(wai)(wai)委(wei)塔司(si)、電(dian)工(gong)包塔。

10、應設(she)備超速(su)保護設(she)備

在塔(ta)機(ji)(ji)運用(yong)過程中，由于電氣或(huo)機(ji)(ji)械原因可(ke)能會形成(cheng)接觸器粘連、渦流制動勵磁電址缺失等(deng)，然后(hou)讓起升機(ji)(ji)構超(chao)速運行(xing)，直(zhi)接要挾到人身和設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)安全(quan)，假如(ru)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)有超(chao)速保護設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)，一旦呈現超(chao)速，制動設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)自動上閘，提高塔(ta)機(ji)(ji)安全(quan)功(gong)能。